Exam: The Sun

         The sun is the center of our solar system. It is a star composed mainly of hydrogen and helium. It’s almost perfectly round and consists of hot plasma and magnetic fields. (1) Its diameter is about 109 times the size of Earth’s diameter. Sun spots are places on the sun that appear darker than its surrounding surface. These darker spots have lower temperatures than the rest of the surrounding surface. “Sunspots are regions of intense magnetic activity where convection is inhibited by strong magnetic fields, reducing energy transport from the hot interior to the surface.” (1) Sunspots do not always stay at the same spot on the sun; they go through an 11 year cycle called the sunspot cycle. At the start of this cycle few spots are visible, but as it continues more sunspots appear and they move closer and closer to the equator. (1)

            A solar flare is described as a sudden, bright, and intense brightening of the sun. Solar flares happen when a buildup of energy occurs and is released. Mass amounts of radiation and energy are released, equivalent to millions of hydrogen bombs being released at once. (2) Solar winds are caused by the suns corona and go in every direction at about a million miles per hour. This is caused because the suns corona is so hot that gravity can’t hold it. (2)

            Auroras occur because of electrical discharges from the sun. It charges particles in our upper atmosphere and they release light. (2) Size, shape, and color of these auroras can vary. During space weather storms many electrical currents are going through space and these can affect our radios, satellites, and power grids. (2) It disturbs our magnetic field and communication is interrupted.

            Nuclear fusion is an atomic reaction that fuels stars. (3) The cores of stars are so hot that atoms are moving around and collide with each other. This results in the releasing of a lot of energy, which is why the star appears bright. Nucleosynthesis is the creation of new elements by nuclear reactions. When starts hydrogen becomes depleted they can convert helium to oxygen and carbon. After their helium becomes depleted they can convert it into heavier elements such as neon and sodium.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#Present_anomalies

 

http://www.arizonaenergy.org/FireEnergy/The%20stormy%20Sun%20affecting%20the%20human%20life%20and%20the%20technology.htm#

 

 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1313858/Solar-flare-paralyse-Earth-2013.html

1.       "Sun." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#Present_anomalies>.

2.      "Index of /FireEnergy." Your Page Title. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.arizonaenergy.org/FireEnergy/>.

3.      "Fusion in Stars." Zoom Astronomy. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/stars/fusion.shtml>.

Exam: Earth History and Geologic Time

          Our solar system formed when a cloud of nebular dust and gas was disturbed, maybe by a super nova explosion. The explosion made waves in space which squeezed the cloud of gas and dust. This made the cloud start to collapse and gravity pulled everything together forming a solar nebula. The arms started spinning and getting hotter and faster. Eventually the outer edges cooled. “As the disk got thinner and thinner, particles began to stick together and form clumps. Some clumps got bigger, as particles and small clumps stuck to them, eventually forming planets or moons.” (1) Closer to the center only rock could withstand the heat, which is why rocky planets like Earth were formed. Farther out where it was cooler, icy planets were able to form, such as Uranus and Neptune. (1) The center eventually got so hot it formed the sun, which is the center of our solar system.

            The Earths formation is the start of the geologic time scale. Earth was believed to be formed about 4600 million years ago. (2) The formation of our oxygenic atmosphere happened about 2050 million years ago, giving rise to life that’s more complex. At about 1800 million years ago complex single celled life was formed, such as protists with nuclei. (2) About 251 million years ago dinosaurs roamed the planet and the super continent Pangaea existed. 451.5 million years ago flowering plants proliferate and new insect types appear. (2) The biggest extinction in Earth’s history occurred about 250 million years ago. 96% of the Earths marine species were wiped out and it took a while for our Earth to recover. (2) 65 million years ago a mass extinction called the K-T extinction occurred and many plants and animals went extinct. This marked the end of the Mesozoic Era and the beginning of the Cenozoic Era. The Pleistocene ice age happened from about 2.558-0.0117 million years ago. (2) This was a period of time where ice ages were frequent, about 4 occurred during this time.

            Index fossils help scientists date rock. If certain life forms are found in the rock that only occurred during a certain time period scientists can date the rock to that time. The shorter the lifespan of a species the closer scientists can date the rock. (3)

   http://www.windows2universe.org/our_solar_system/formation.html

http://astronomyonline.org/SolarSystem/SolarSystemFormation.asp

http://astronomyonline.org/SolarSystem/SolarSystemFormation.asp

1.      "Solar System Formation- Gas & Dust to Solar Nebula to Sun with Planets." Windows to the Universe. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.windows2universe.org/our_solar_system/formation.html>.

2.      "Geologic Time Scale." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_time_scale>.

3.      "Index Fossil." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_fossil>.